When I was about to graduate college my dad took me car shopping. He wasn't one for financial advice, probably because his own financial situation wasn't that great. While test driving a used Honda he uttered the only financial wisdom I'd ever heard from him. He said "Don't use debt to finance depreciating assets, only use debt to finance things that appreciate." He expanded to explain that cars depreciate, but since I was a poor college kid I'd have to break this rule and finance the car anyways.
I think back to that discussion often, maybe for its simplicity, and maybe for the significance in my life. But I think there is a larger aspect to it that applies to markets.
Often stocks are discussed as assets. On your personal balance sheet cash and stock you own are assets held against any debt you owe. Stocks are person assets. We think of assets as things that appreciate because of their value. Non-financial assets are things like fine wine, land, artwork, rare antiques.
There aren't many assets that appreciate by themselves. Land and art come to mind, but that might be it. Otherwise almost everything is constantly depreciating, and that includes the companies that hide behind stock certificates.
In many ways cars are a perfect analogy to companies. A company requires constant maintenance and upkeep to generate revenue and profits. You need to fuel a company with sales in order to keep it moving forward. If driven long enough most moving parts of a car will wear out and need to be replaced. The same is true for a company, machines break, computers need to be upgraded, processes and techniques change. Given enough time a company will reinvent itself.
The ownership profile differs depending on the type of vehicle you own. All vehicles are created to get from point A to point B. Just like all companies are created to earn a profit. But owning a 1982 Chevy Cavalier is a lot different than a new Honda Civic. Sure, both are compact commuter cars, but keeping the Cavalier running will require a lot more care and feeding compared to the brand new Civic. Yet when the owner steps out of the vehicle at the destination the same task was accomplished. It doesn't matter whether the Cavalier or the Civic carried them there, they're at their destination.
The key differentiator is whether the maintenance is worth it. If both vehicles get you to your destination and the end result is the same then why purchase one over the other? It all comes down to price and preference. Where a new Civic costs around $20k for a sedan you can find an old Cavalier for around $1k. The price is the determining factor. If both get someone to their destination is it worth paying 20x for the same experience?
As mentioned earlier both are depreciating, both require maintenance, and both have the possibility of breaking down. If the Cavalier was maintained perfectly and lived it's life in California or the Southwest without rust it's possible that it might be just as reliable as the Civic. But if the Cavalier prowled the rust belt then it's not impossible to imagine dumping $2-3k into the car each year in replacement parts.
If you let both cars sit without any maintenance then within a few years they'll be worth a fraction of their current value. The Cavalier by nature of being older and cheaper will depreciate less than the Civic, but both will drop.
Let's take this analogy to the business world. If a company isn't constantly reinvesting in their own business the value will start to fall dramatically. There is a narrative that companies invest heavily in the beginning and then can back off investment. Just like a car, you can hold off on maintenance, but eventually you're looking at a large bill to replace something significant.
I'd argue that if a company is investing heavily in the beginning to remain competitive they will need to continue to invest heavily. If you own a company that requires constant maintenance why would eliminating that maintenance be a good thing? Likewise there are some companies that run really well without as much investment, and as long as a base level of investment is satisfied they should continue like this.
Just cars both types of companies can be financially viable, but it depends on the price paid. Ironically in our current market the companies with the highest maintenance needs are priced the highest whereas companies with the lowest maintenance needs are priced low. This doesn't make sense.
As you look for investments, make sure you don't pay 2018 Honda Civic prices for a 1982 Chevy Cavalier.
Looking for value in the overlooked margins of the market.
The problem with compounders
Given the choice between a new item and a slightly used item there aren't many people who would willingly choose the slightly used item for the same price. Why purchase something older with a shorter lifespan when the alternative is a brand new unused object with a full lifespan?
This is similar to the argument the market has been making about companies affectionately called "compounders". These are companies that have reliably turned $1.00 into $1.20 year after year, effortlessly, like money printing machines. The argument is why purchase a company that turns $1.00 into $1.09 when you can purchase something that turns $1.00 into $1.20? Or even worse, why purchase something that turns $1.00 into $.95 or less!
I agree, all things being equal I would prefer my dollars are turned into a dollar twenty, verses something less. The argument follows that if these compounders can consistently turn $1.00 into $1.20 then whatever price you pay for this perpetual money machine is consistently too cheap. I know this sounds absurd, but I want to walk through the math.
Let's say you are offered interest in one of these money machines at $75. That means for each $1 invested they earn $1.20 in earnings. At $75 you're paying 62.5x earnings. This seems really high, it will take you 62.5 years of earnings to earn back your original amount. Except the company compounds. Which means the $1.20 invested this year turns into $1.44, and $1.72 the next and so on. In 20 years the company will be earning $46 a year, and in 30 years $284! In 30 years earnings will have grown 284 times from that original dollar.
The theory is that you're paying 62.5x earnings the first year and even if multiples compress to 1x earnings you'll make money. At 1x earnings in 30 years you'll have an investment that returned 4.5% compounded. That seems like an absurdly low multiple, so let's say they compress to a disastrous 10x. Now the investment compounded at 12.8% a year over those thirty years.
The math above is simple, this appears to be a can't fail investing strategy. You can buy something that compounds at 20% a year at almost any price and as long as the company continues to compound at that rate you will have a market beating return. The break-even where the compounded return matches the market's historical return is about 200x initial earnings. That means as long as you pay under 200x earnings you should beat the market.
You can see why this investment strategy is popular. Pay anything less than 200x earnings for a company growing at 20% a year, sit back and count your stash.
The problem is that there is a small flaw with this strategy. Finding those companies that can sustain high growth for 30 years. The issue is we really don't know the future and predicting something thirty years from now is really hard. In the market we have a solution. We look at the past and reason that if a company has the type of culture that can grow at 20% for the last thirty years then that culture will likely let them grow at 20% for the next thirty years. Maybe we don't need a history of thirty years, maybe only five or ten.
But here's where things break down for me. A company that has grown at such a high rate will struggle to continue to grow at such a high rate for a long period of time. Why you ask? Simple math. A company earning $1b today will be earning $237b in 30 years and have a few trillion market cap. Maybe that's reasonable, I don't know. But what about a company earning $5b or $10b? It will be earning $1t, and a company at $10b earning $2t. Those are large numbers, especially considering that if the US grows at 2.5% our GDP will only be $38t by then. Some simple reasoning would show that there isn't enough room in the future market for the number of compounders the current market currently has.
And that's a problem. Hopefully the US economy won't consist of a dozen companies doing everything from selling washing machines, to clothes, to cars, to search advertising. And that's the problem with this strategy, there isn't much room for more than one or two of the established large companies compounding at 20% a year to exist in thirty years. Or for compounding at such a high rate to continue. A company earning $1b a year compounding at 20% will be 100% of the US economy is less than 60 years.
But that doesn't mean this investment strategy is dead! The math is still fantastic and it seems like we should be able to work something out. The only thing is buying larger established companies with sizable profits doesn't work. Time isn't on their side. So we'll need to do something different. We'd need to find small companies growing at 20% a year that can compound. The reason for this is because a small company with a small profit base has a lot more room to grow before their earnings dwarf the US economy.
And here is where the market diverges from where the strategy works. The market, and investors in general are looking at large, or larger companies that have a history of compounding. To make this strategy truly work you need to look at the potential to compound, not a history of it. And discovering this is a completely different skillset.
Let's dive in. Two factors are needed to compound capital, the first is growing revenue. The second is a business model that has operational leverage. This means for each dollar invested above a certain threshold generates incrementally more. There are a lot of businesses that operate like this, it doesn't really matter what you decide to invest in either.
What is most important is you find a business with the correct business model that can grow sales. The sales engine of the company is the most important aspect, and also the one most overlooked by investors and analysts. Sure, cost structure matters, and business model matters as does "capital allocation", which is what they do with the tiny bit of leftover money, but what matters most is sales.
Herein lies a problem. How do you determine that a small company with the correct business model will grow sales at a high rate? The only way to do that is to visit the company and talk to management. But talking to management isn't enough. You need to sit down and discuss their sales strategy, understand who their employees are and evaluate the ability to execute on their plan.
This is clearly a dark spot for most analysts and investors. How do you determine if the sales manager is selling you, or knows what they're talking about? Especially if there isn't much in the way of results to look at? I believe it's possible, but instead of having a solid background in financial analysis you need to have sales experience and understand the sales process. Instead of reading the newest book on investing strategies your bookshelf should be full of books on pricing, call strategies, how to approach demos, and prospecting. It's also worth remembering that enterprise sales is a different beast from consumer sales, or small business sales.
When you start to put all the pieces of this puzzle together it starts to become more apparent why everyone didn't invest in Starbucks, or Microsoft, or Oracle when they were tiny companies. To truly catch a compounder when they're in infancy you need a set of skills that few investors possess. It's not impossible to build out that skill set. Understanding this paradox also helps to expose the myth that buying high growth companies is a surefire way to success. Buying high growth companies IS a surefire way to success if you can buy them when they're small enough and their market is large enough.
This is similar to the argument the market has been making about companies affectionately called "compounders". These are companies that have reliably turned $1.00 into $1.20 year after year, effortlessly, like money printing machines. The argument is why purchase a company that turns $1.00 into $1.09 when you can purchase something that turns $1.00 into $1.20? Or even worse, why purchase something that turns $1.00 into $.95 or less!
I agree, all things being equal I would prefer my dollars are turned into a dollar twenty, verses something less. The argument follows that if these compounders can consistently turn $1.00 into $1.20 then whatever price you pay for this perpetual money machine is consistently too cheap. I know this sounds absurd, but I want to walk through the math.
Let's say you are offered interest in one of these money machines at $75. That means for each $1 invested they earn $1.20 in earnings. At $75 you're paying 62.5x earnings. This seems really high, it will take you 62.5 years of earnings to earn back your original amount. Except the company compounds. Which means the $1.20 invested this year turns into $1.44, and $1.72 the next and so on. In 20 years the company will be earning $46 a year, and in 30 years $284! In 30 years earnings will have grown 284 times from that original dollar.
The theory is that you're paying 62.5x earnings the first year and even if multiples compress to 1x earnings you'll make money. At 1x earnings in 30 years you'll have an investment that returned 4.5% compounded. That seems like an absurdly low multiple, so let's say they compress to a disastrous 10x. Now the investment compounded at 12.8% a year over those thirty years.
The math above is simple, this appears to be a can't fail investing strategy. You can buy something that compounds at 20% a year at almost any price and as long as the company continues to compound at that rate you will have a market beating return. The break-even where the compounded return matches the market's historical return is about 200x initial earnings. That means as long as you pay under 200x earnings you should beat the market.
You can see why this investment strategy is popular. Pay anything less than 200x earnings for a company growing at 20% a year, sit back and count your stash.
The problem is that there is a small flaw with this strategy. Finding those companies that can sustain high growth for 30 years. The issue is we really don't know the future and predicting something thirty years from now is really hard. In the market we have a solution. We look at the past and reason that if a company has the type of culture that can grow at 20% for the last thirty years then that culture will likely let them grow at 20% for the next thirty years. Maybe we don't need a history of thirty years, maybe only five or ten.
But here's where things break down for me. A company that has grown at such a high rate will struggle to continue to grow at such a high rate for a long period of time. Why you ask? Simple math. A company earning $1b today will be earning $237b in 30 years and have a few trillion market cap. Maybe that's reasonable, I don't know. But what about a company earning $5b or $10b? It will be earning $1t, and a company at $10b earning $2t. Those are large numbers, especially considering that if the US grows at 2.5% our GDP will only be $38t by then. Some simple reasoning would show that there isn't enough room in the future market for the number of compounders the current market currently has.
And that's a problem. Hopefully the US economy won't consist of a dozen companies doing everything from selling washing machines, to clothes, to cars, to search advertising. And that's the problem with this strategy, there isn't much room for more than one or two of the established large companies compounding at 20% a year to exist in thirty years. Or for compounding at such a high rate to continue. A company earning $1b a year compounding at 20% will be 100% of the US economy is less than 60 years.
But that doesn't mean this investment strategy is dead! The math is still fantastic and it seems like we should be able to work something out. The only thing is buying larger established companies with sizable profits doesn't work. Time isn't on their side. So we'll need to do something different. We'd need to find small companies growing at 20% a year that can compound. The reason for this is because a small company with a small profit base has a lot more room to grow before their earnings dwarf the US economy.
And here is where the market diverges from where the strategy works. The market, and investors in general are looking at large, or larger companies that have a history of compounding. To make this strategy truly work you need to look at the potential to compound, not a history of it. And discovering this is a completely different skillset.
Let's dive in. Two factors are needed to compound capital, the first is growing revenue. The second is a business model that has operational leverage. This means for each dollar invested above a certain threshold generates incrementally more. There are a lot of businesses that operate like this, it doesn't really matter what you decide to invest in either.
What is most important is you find a business with the correct business model that can grow sales. The sales engine of the company is the most important aspect, and also the one most overlooked by investors and analysts. Sure, cost structure matters, and business model matters as does "capital allocation", which is what they do with the tiny bit of leftover money, but what matters most is sales.
Herein lies a problem. How do you determine that a small company with the correct business model will grow sales at a high rate? The only way to do that is to visit the company and talk to management. But talking to management isn't enough. You need to sit down and discuss their sales strategy, understand who their employees are and evaluate the ability to execute on their plan.
This is clearly a dark spot for most analysts and investors. How do you determine if the sales manager is selling you, or knows what they're talking about? Especially if there isn't much in the way of results to look at? I believe it's possible, but instead of having a solid background in financial analysis you need to have sales experience and understand the sales process. Instead of reading the newest book on investing strategies your bookshelf should be full of books on pricing, call strategies, how to approach demos, and prospecting. It's also worth remembering that enterprise sales is a different beast from consumer sales, or small business sales.
When you start to put all the pieces of this puzzle together it starts to become more apparent why everyone didn't invest in Starbucks, or Microsoft, or Oracle when they were tiny companies. To truly catch a compounder when they're in infancy you need a set of skills that few investors possess. It's not impossible to build out that skill set. Understanding this paradox also helps to expose the myth that buying high growth companies is a surefire way to success. Buying high growth companies IS a surefire way to success if you can buy them when they're small enough and their market is large enough.
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